Indo-European etymology : Query result

Proto-IE: *wer(ǝ)dh-, *wredh- (*wrēdh-)

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: to grow (tr., intr.)

Tokharian: A sne-wrātal 'formlessness', B wrāt- 'to shape, form' (Adams 616)

Old Indian: várdhate `to increase, augment, strengthen'; ūrdhvá- `rising, raised, elevated'

Avestan: varǝd- `augere'

Old Greek: orthó- `aufrecht, gerade, richtig, wahr', *worthó-: borsón = staurón Hsch.

Slavic: *rodъ, *rodī́tī

Baltic: *rad-s-mā̂, -iā̃ f., *red-s-n-a- adj.

Germanic: *wriskw-a- vb., *wraskw-a- adj.

Russ. meaning: рaсти(ть)

References: WP I 289 f, Frisk

Comments: For B.-Sl. cf. alternatively Hitt. hardu- `Urenkel, Nachkomme' (Tischler 189 without etymology).

Proto-IE: *werǝd-, *wrād-

Meaning: sprout, root

Old Greek: rhā́dīk-s, -īkos m. `Ast, Zweig'; rhádamno-s (~ -ǟ́-) m. `Ast, Zweig, Trieb'

Germanic: *wirt-i- c.; *wurt-ō, -i- c.; *wrōt-ō f.

Latin: rādīx, gen. -īcis f. `Wurzel', radius, -ī `Stab, Speiche, Weberschiffchen, Olive, Strahl der Sonne'; rāmus, -ī m. `Ast, Zweig'

Celtic: *w^ǝ̄rdno-, *w^ǝ̄rdskā-, *w^ǝ̄rdjV-: OIr frēn `Wurzel'; Cymr gwreiddyn, pl. gwraidd `radix, stirps', gwrysgen `Ast Corn', grueiten `Wurzel', MBret gruizyenn `Wurzel'

Russ. meaning: побег, корень

References: WP I 288

Proto-IE: *werǝg'-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: strength, force

Old Indian: ū́rj-, ūrjā́ f., ūrjá- m. `power, strength, vigour, sap', ūrjá- `strong, powerful, eminent'

Old Greek: orgǟ́ f. `seelischer, Sinnesart, Charakter, (heftige) gemütsbewegung, Leidenschaft, Zorn'; orgáō `von ernährenden Feuchtigkeit und Saft strot zen, schwellen'; orgás, gen. -ád-os f. `üppig fruchtbarer Erdboden, Marschland, Au'

Celtic: OIr ferc, ferg `Zorn'

Russ. meaning: жизненная сила

References: WP I 289

Proto-IE: *werǝg'-, *wrēg'- (*wrē-j-g'-)

Meaning: to pierce, to cut through

Tokharian: A wärk-, B wārk- (PT *wärk-) 'shear' (Adams 587 differently)

Armenian: ergic-uchanem `rhḗgnǖmi'

Old Greek: rhḗgnǖmi, rhḗssō (att. -ttō), aor. rē̂ksai̯, pf. med. érrēgmai̯, act. érrōga, aor. pass. rhagē̂nai̯, rēkhthē̂nai̯ `(zer)reissen, (zer)brechen, zersprengen'; rhē̂ksi-s, lesb. (alk.) wrēksi-s f. `das Durchbrechen, Bruch', rhḗktǟ-s m. `der Zerreisser', rhē̂gma n. `Riss, Spalte', *rhṓk-s, pl. acc. rhō̂gas `Riss, enger Gang', dia-rrōgǟ́ f. `Spalte, Zwischenraum', rhōgmǟ́ f. `Bruch, Riss', rhōgmó-s, rhōkhmó-s m., pl. rhōkhmái̯ f. `Riss, Spalte', rhēgmī́n, gen. -ī̂nos `Wogenbruch, Brandung', rhēgmó-s `Riss, Spalte, Brach', *wrēgaléo-: trēgaléon = dierrōgóta Hsch.; áu̯rēkto- `ungebrochen' (Hdn.); ion. rhagḗ `Riss, Spalte'; rhágdǟn `reissend, heftig, ungestüm'; rhagǟ́ f. `Riss, Ritze, Spalte, Kluft', rhágdǟn `reissend, heftig, ungestüm'; rhágos n. `Lumpen, Fetzen'

Slavic: *rḗzjǭ, *rḗzātī; *rēzъ; *rьznǭtī

Baltic: *rē̂ǯ- (-ja-) vb. tr., *rē̂ǯ-ī̂- vb., *rō̂ǯ-a- c. (2), *rō̂ǯ-t-a- c.; *reîǯ- vb. tr., *rī̂ǯ- vb. intr. (2), *raîǯ-iā̃ f. (2)

Russ. meaning: пробивать, прорезать

References: WP I 319

Proto-IE: *werg-

Meaning: to twist

Old Indian: vr̥ṇákti, varjati, ptc. vr̥jiná- `to bend, turn, twist'; abhi-vlaŋgá- m. `turning off, shaking off'

Slavic: ? *vь́rgǭ, *vérgtī/*vь́rgtī; ? *orǭžьje

Baltic: *werg- vb. tr.

Germanic: *wirk-a- vb., *wurk-[ō]- vb., *wrik-a- vb.; *wrik=

Latin: vergō, -ere, Gramm. versī/vorsī `sich gegenneigen; im Abstieg sein (von einem Gestirn)'; pl. Vergiliae f. `die Plejaden' || rancēre `ranzig, stinkend sein', rancidus, -a `ranzig, stinkend; ekelhaft'

Celtic: *wronkā: Gael frōg `Moor, Sumpf, Fallgrube, Höhle, Kluft

Russ. meaning: крутить, скручивать

References: WP I 270 f

Comments: [Probably more than one root]

Proto-IE: *werg'[a]-, *wreg'- (Gr w-)

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: to work, to act

Tokharian: A wärkṣäl, B warkṣäl (PT *wärkṣäl) 'power, strength, energy' (Adams 579)

Avestan: varǝz- `wirken, tun, machen', ptc. varšta-; varǝza- m. `Wirken, Verrichten von, Tätigkeit', varšti- f. `Handeln, Tun'

Other Iranian: NPers varz, barz `Feldarbeit, Ackerbau'

Armenian: *worg'o-: gorc `Werk'

Old Greek: érgo-n n. `Werk, Arbeit, Kunstwerk', ergátǟ-s m. `Arbeiter', -átis f. `Arbeiterin'; érdō, aor. érksai̯, kypr. ewerksa, pf. éorga `tun, machen, vollbringen'; rhézdō, aor. rhéksai̯, pass. rhekhthē̂nai̯ `wirken, vollbringen', á-rekto- `ungetan', rhektḗr `Täter', rhéktǟ-s `id.'; órgano-n n. `Werkzeug, Gerät, Instrument, Sinneswerkzeug, Organ', pl. órgia n. `geheime religiöse Gebräuche, heiliger Geheimdienst', orgeṓn m. `Mitglied einer religiösen Bruderschaft'

Germanic: *wirk-ia- vb., *wurk-ia- n., *wurk-ia- vb., *wirk-a- n., *wirk-ia- m.; pt. *wrak-Vd-ō(n-), *wruk-Vd-ō(n-) f., *wark-ia- n., *wirk-ia-

Celtic: OBret guerg `efficax', Gaul vergo-bretus `oberste Behörde der Aeduer'

Russ. meaning: работать, действовать

References: WP I 290 f

Proto-IE: *wergh- <PIH *Hʷ->

Meaning: enemy, captive

Hittite: hurkel (hurkil) n. 'Greuel, abscheuliche Tat, unerhörte Tat' (Tischler 302-303)

Slavic: *vorgъ

Baltic: *wer̂g- / *wer̃g- vb. tr., *wer̂g-a- (2) / *wer̃g-a- m.

Germanic: *warg-a- m., *warg-ia- vb.

Russ. meaning: враг, пленник

References: WP I 270 f

Proto-IE: *werk'-, -g'- (Gr *w-)

Meaning: to twist, to weave, to tie together

Old Indian: ? [vréśī f. `Wasserwirbel' - `a n. applied to water]; dáśa vr̥śaḥ `ten fingers'

Avestan: urvisyeiti `wendet sich, dreht sich', urvaēsa- m. `Wirbel, Wendung, Ende des Weges; urvizō-maiδya- `die Leibesmitte schnürend', zaranyo-urvīxšna- `mit goldener Verschnürung (am Schuh)'

Old Greek: rhoikó- `gekrümmt, krummbeinig', rhiknó- `zusammengebogen, krumm, eingeschrumpft, steif'' (cf. rhai̯bó- `krumm, einwärts gebogen' < *wraigʷ-)

Slavic: *vьrzǭ, *verztī; *vorzъ; *verslo

Baltic: *wer̃ǯ- v. tr., *wer̃ǯ-ē̂- vb., *war̃ǯ-ī̂- vb., *war̂ǯ-a- c., *war̂ǯ-ā̂/*war̃ǯ-ā̂ f., *wir̃ǯvb. intr., *wir̂ǯ-ia- c., *wir̂ǯ-iā̃ f.; *riš- (*riš-a-) vb. tr., *raĩš-s-t-iā̃ f., -ia- c., *raĩš-t-a- c.

Germanic: *wirg-a- vb.; *wurg-ia- vb., *wirg-Vl=, *wurg=, *wurg-ia- vb., *wraig-ia- vb., *wrig-iōn- f., *wrig-i- c., *wraig-ia- vb., *wrig-ja- vb., *wrīx-a- vb., *wráix=, *wrīg=, *wraik-w-a- adj.; *wring-a-/*wrinx-a- vb., *wrug-i- adj., *wrunx-a- vb., *wrung-ō f.; *wrang-a- adj.; *wrik-ja- vb.; *urg-ōn- f., *urg-iōn- f., *urg-ō- vb., *wraix-s-n-i- c., etc.

Latin: rīca f. `Kopftuch der Frauen (viereckiges Stück wolliges Zeug, über dem Kopf und von da auf die Schultern herabhängend getragen)', rīcinium n. `kleines Kopftuch', rīcula f. `id.'

Russ. meaning: скручивать, сплетать, связывать

References: WP I 270 f

Proto-IE: *werk'-, *wreik'-, -g'- (Gr w-)

Meaning: heath

Old Greek: eréi̯kǟ f. `Heidekraut'

Slavic: *versъ, *verskъ

Baltic: *wirǯ-iā̃ f. -ia- c., *wir̃č-ia- c.

Celtic: OIr froech `Heidekraut'; Cymr grug `Heidekraut'

Russ. meaning: растение (вереск, эрика)

References: WP I 270 f

Proto-IE: *werk'-, *wrak'-

Meaning: to cut, to peel

Old Indian: vr̥ścáti `to cut down, off, asunder, cleave, hew, fell (a tree)', vráścana- m. `cutting, wounding, incision'

Old Greek: rhákos, pl. rhákea n., aeol. (Sappho) *wrákos n. (pl. brákea) `Fetzen, Lumpen, Runzeln, Trümmer', rháketro-n `Hackmesser', *wráketo-: bráketon = kladeutḗrion' Hsch., *wrákalo-: brákalon = rhópalon Hsch.

Slavic: *verskāti, *vorskā (ruga, Runzel in der Haut, Ritze)

Russ. meaning: (с)резать, облупливать, снимать верхний слой

References: WP I 290

Proto-IE: *werp- (-ph-)

Meaning: to tear, to peel

Armenian: gerphem `plündere, verwüste'

Old Greek: érphos n. `Haut'

Slavic: *vьrpātī: Slvn zvrpati `entreissen', Kash varpac `reissen, ziehen'; *vorpъ

Russ. meaning: обдирать

References: WP I 291 f

Proto-IE: *werp-, -b- <PIH *w-> (Gr w-)

Meaning: to turn, to twist

Hittite: (anda)warpai- 'encircle'

Tokharian: A wärp-, B wārp- (PT *wärp-) 'surround', A warp 'enclosure' (Adams 587)

Old Indian: várpas- n. `artifice, device, design'

Old Greek: 1) rhémbomai̯ `sich herumtreiben, umherirren, -schweifen, aufs Geratewohl handeln', rhómbo-s, att. rhǘmbo-s m. `kreisförmige Bewegung, Kreisel, Brummkreisel, Zauberrad, Tamburin'; 2a) rháptō, aor. rhápsai̯, érraphon, pass. rhaphē̂nai̯, pf. pass. érramai̯ `(zusammen) nähen, flicken, anzetteln', rhaphǟ́ f. `Naht, Saum', rhámma n. `id.', rháptǟ-s m. `Flicker', rhapís, -ídos f. `Nähnadel'; 2b) rhépō, aor. rhépsai̯ `sinken, sich neigen; hinüberschwanken, ausfallen, die Überhand nehmen', rhopǟ́ `Ausschlag, Neigung', rhópalo-n n.`Knüttel, Keule', rhóptro-n `Stellholz in der Falle, Klopfer, Ring an der Haustür, Handpauke', rhapís = rhábdos (Phot.) Hsch.; 3) rhī́p-s, gen. rhīpós f. (/m.), rhī̂pos n. (/ rhī̂po-s m.) `Weidenrute, Flechtwerk, geflochtene Matte, Hürde '

Slavic: *vorpā, *vorpъ (складка); *vorbā, *vorbъ (> Rus dial., Vasmer)

Baltic: *wer̃p- vb. tr., *war̃p-ī̂- vb., *war̃p-a- c., *war̃p-s-t-iā̃ f., -ā̂ f., *wirp-el-iā̃ f.

Germanic: 1) *wirp-a- vb., *warp-a- n.; 2) *wrap-[ō]- vb.; *wra[f]-Vl-ō- vb.; *wrimp-a- vb., *wramp-ian- vb.; 3) *wrīb-á- vb.,

Russ. meaning: крутить, вертеть

References: WP I 270 f

Proto-IE: *wers-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: bull

Tokharian: A kay-urṣ, B ka-uŭrṣe `бык' (PT *keuwärṣän-) (Adams 212)

Old Indian: vŕ̥ṣan-, vr̥ṣa- m. `man, male, bull, stallion'; vr̥ṣabhá- m. `bull', vr̥ṣṇí-, vŕ̥ṣṇi- `manly, mighty', m. `ram'; vŕ̥ṣaṇa- m. `scrotum, du. testicles'

Avestan: varšni- 'Widder'

Baltic: *wer̃š-ia- m.

Latin: verrēs (/ verris), -is m. `Eber'

Russ. meaning: скот (бык)

References: WP I 268 f

Proto-IE: *wers- (Gr w-)

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: top, upper

Old Indian: várṣman- n., varṣmán-, varṣiman- m. `height, top, uttermost part'; comp. várṣīyaṁs- `higher, upper, greater than', sup. váṛṣiṣṭha- `highest, uppermost, greatest'

Old Greek: ? *werso-: Érros = ho Zeús Hsch., Érso-s m. epith. of Apollo in Attica

Slavic: *vьrxъ

Baltic: *wirš-u- (1)

Celtic: OIr ferr `besser'; Cymr gorew `best'

Russ. meaning: верх, верхний

References: WP I 266 f

Comments: See #1216. ? Cf. Greek ọ̄ranó-s m., Dor., Boeot. ōranó-s, aeol. órano-s, ṓrano-s 'heaven'

Proto-IE: *wers- <PIH *w->

Meaning: to beat, to thresh

Hittite: wars- (I), warsija- (I) 'abwischen, abstreifen' (Friedrich 246)

Old Greek: érrō (inf. el. werrēn, warrēn `verbannt werden', imp. lokr. werretō), aor. érrēsa, pf. ẹ̄s-ḗrrēka `(weg)gehen, untergehen, dahinschwinden'

Slavic: *vьrxǭ, *verxtī; *vorxъ

Latin: verrō, -ere, verrī/Gramm. versī, versum `schleifen, am Boden schleppen, fegen'

Russ. meaning: бить о..., молотить

References: WP I 292 f

Proto-IE: *wert-, -d- <PIH *Hʷ-> (Gr w-)

Meaning: to turn

Hittite: hurtalli- 'Gemengsel, Mus', hurutai- (I) 'umstoßen' (Tischler 312, 314)

Tokharian: B wrattsai 'against' (Adams 615)

Old Indian: vártate, -ti, vavartti, vartti, ptc. vr̥ttá- `to turn, roll; to be, exist'; vartana- n. `turning, rolling', vartula- `round, circular'; vŕ̥nta- n.`stalk, stand of a water-jar'

Avestan: varǝt- `sich wenden'

Armenian: gaɫth `Reise, Auswanderung'

Old Greek: 1) peri-rrēdḗ-s `hintaumelnd', rhadinó-, aeol. (Sappho) wrá́dino- [geschr. b-] `schwank, biegsam, schlank', rhodanó-, rhadaló- `id', rhodánǟ `Einschlagfaden'; 2) *wratánǟ: rhatánan = torǘnēn Hsch., bratánan = torǘnēn (Elean) Hsch.; rhotaría = torǘnion Hsch.

Slavic: *vьrtjǭ, *vьrtḗtī; *vьrtǭ, *verstī; *verteno; *vortъ; *vьrst(v)ā, *vьrstь

Baltic: 1) *wer̃t- vb. tr., *war̃t-ī̂- vb., *wer̃-t-uw-a- c., -iā̃ f., -t-aw-ā̂ f., *wir̃t- vb. intr.; *wer̂t-ē̂- vb.; 2) *rē̃t-a- adj.; *rad- (*rada-/*rañda-) vb. tr. 3) *reĩt- vb. tr., *reĩt-ē̂- vb., *at=raĩt-a c., *rit- (*rit-a-) vb. tr., *raĩt-ī̂ vb.; *rid-ē̂- (*reĩd-a-) vb., *raĩd-ā̂ f.

Germanic: 1) *wírɵ-a- vb.; *wír-ɵ-a- adj., *wurs-t=; 2) *wrat-a- vb., *wrat-ō- vb., *wrast-ō f.; 3) *wrī́ɵ-a- vb., *wríɵ=, *wráiɵ-ō/*wraid-ṓ f., *wráiɵ-i- adj.; *wrīt-a vb.

Latin: vertō/vortō, -ere, vertī, versum/vorsum `kehren, wenden, derehen', vortex/vertex, -i cis m. `Wirbel, Scheitel', vertebra f. `Gelenk, Verbindung; Wirbelknochen', versāre `drehen, wälzen'; versus/vorsus `Ackermass, 100 Fuss im Geviert'

Other Italic: Umbr kuvertu, covertu `convortitō', trahvorfi `trānsversē'; Osk wersorei `Versōrī'

Celtic: OIr adbbartaigiur `adversor', honaib adbartaib `adversariis', di-fort- `ausgiessen, ausschütten, einschenken'; Ir feirt `Radspur', MIr foirsed `eggen', MIr fertas f. `Schaft, Stange, Axenspindel', Ir fearsaid, Cymr gwerthyd `Spindel', OCorn gurhthit gl. `fusus', OBret pl. guirtitou gl. `fusis', MBret guersit `id.', OIr praef. frith-, praep. fri, MCymr gwrth, NCymr wrth, Corn orth, Bret ouz `gegen'

Russ. meaning: вертеть

References: WP I 270 f

Proto-IE: *wes-

Meaning: fat, moisture

Old Indian: vásā, vasā́ f. `marrow, fat, grease, any fatty or oily substance'

Armenian: goz 'Harn'

Old Greek: earón = loutē̂ra ḕ prókhọ̄n Hsch.

Baltic: *was-ā̂, *was-ul=

Germanic: *was-al=, *wṓs-a- n., *wás-an- m., n., -ōn- f.

Other Italic: Umbr vesticatu 'libato'

Russ. meaning: имманентная влага

References: WP I 308 f; Fraenkel 23

Proto-IE: *wes-

Meaning: to eat

Hittite: wesi- c. 'Weide, Viehweide', wesija- (wisija-) 'weiden', westara- c. 'Hirt' (Friedrich 253)

Tokharian: A wäsri 'grassy field, lawn', ? B wasso 'kuśa-grass' (Adams 585)

Old Indian: {anuvāvase `hat aufgezehrt', vástoḥ `vor dem Fressen'}

Avestan: vāstra- `Fresse, Maul'

Germanic: *wís-a- vb., *wiz-ṓ- vb., *was-tl=, *wiz-n-í- c., *wis-t-i- c.

Latin: vescor, vescī (~ -ē-) `sich nähren; geniessen'

Celtic: *wewos-: MIr do-feotar `sie assen'; feis `Essen', Cymr gwēst `Schmaus'

Russ. meaning: жрать

References: WP I 307 f

Proto-IE: *wes- <PIH *w-> (Gr hw-)

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: to dress

Hittite: was(s)-, wes(s)- (I), wassija-, wessija- (I) 'bekleiden, anziehen' (Friedrich 248)

Tokharian: A, B wäs- 'be dressed, get dressed' (Adams 597)

Old Indian: váste `to put on, wear'; vásana- n. `cloth, dress'; vásman- n. `cover, garment'; vastra- n. `cloth, dress, garment'

Avestan: vastē `to put on, wear', vaŋhaiti `kleidet sich, zieht an', vaŋhana- n. `Gewand', vastra- n. `Kleidung'

Armenian: *wesnu-: z-genum `ziehe mich an', z-gest (tu-St.) `Kleidung'

Old Greek: hénnümi, ion. hẹ̄́nümi, aor. hés(s)a `kleiden', med. `sich kleiden'; ésthos n. `Kleidung'; esthǟ́s, gen. -ǟ̂tos `id.'; heanó-s `weibliche Gewand'; ion., att. hẹ̄̂ma, dor. wē̂ma, lesb. wémma `id.'; hīmátio-n `Kleid, Mantel'

Germanic: *wís-ja-/wiz-já- vb., *was-t-il-a- n., *wis-tr-ō f., *was-t-i- c., *waz-jōn- f., *waz-já- n., m., *wiz-ṓ f., *was-t-iō f.

Latin: vestis, -is f. `Kleid, Gewand'

Albanian: veš `ich kleide an', višem `kleide mich an'

Russ. meaning: одевать(ся)

References: WP I 309

piet-meaning,piet-hitt,piet-slav,piet-balt,piet-rusmean,piet-prnum,piet-meaning,piet-tokh,piet-ind,piet-avest,piet-greek,piet-slav,piet-balt,piet-germ,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,piet-comment,piet-meaning,piet-greek,piet-germ,piet-lat,piet-celt,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,piet-prnum,piet-meaning,piet-ind,piet-greek,piet-celt,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,piet-meaning,piet-tokh,piet-arm,piet-greek,piet-slav,piet-balt,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,piet-meaning,piet-ind,piet-slav,piet-balt,piet-germ,piet-lat,piet-celt,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,piet-comment,piet-prnum,piet-meaning,piet-tokh,piet-avest,piet-iran,piet-arm,piet-greek,piet-germ,piet-celt,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,piet-meaning,piet-hitt,piet-slav,piet-balt,piet-germ,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,piet-meaning,piet-ind,piet-avest,piet-greek,piet-slav,piet-balt,piet-germ,piet-lat,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,piet-meaning,piet-greek,piet-slav,piet-balt,piet-celt,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,piet-meaning,piet-ind,piet-greek,piet-slav,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,piet-meaning,piet-arm,piet-greek,piet-slav,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,piet-meaning,piet-hitt,piet-tokh,piet-ind,piet-greek,piet-slav,piet-balt,piet-germ,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,piet-prnum,piet-meaning,piet-tokh,piet-ind,piet-avest,piet-balt,piet-lat,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,piet-prnum,piet-meaning,piet-ind,piet-greek,piet-slav,piet-balt,piet-celt,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,piet-comment,piet-meaning,piet-hitt,piet-greek,piet-slav,piet-lat,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,piet-meaning,piet-hitt,piet-tokh,piet-ind,piet-avest,piet-arm,piet-greek,piet-slav,piet-balt,piet-germ,piet-lat,piet-ital,piet-celt,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,piet-meaning,piet-ind,piet-arm,piet-greek,piet-balt,piet-germ,piet-ital,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,piet-meaning,piet-hitt,piet-tokh,piet-ind,piet-avest,piet-germ,piet-lat,piet-celt,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,piet-prnum,piet-meaning,piet-hitt,piet-tokh,piet-ind,piet-avest,piet-arm,piet-greek,piet-germ,piet-lat,piet-alb,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,